Review on age-specific exposure to organophosphate esters: Multiple exposure pathways and microenvironments

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) widely exist in the environment, raising increasing concerns about their potential health risks. This comprehensive review surveyed occurrence of OPEs over last decade indoor microenvironments (i.e. residence, in-vehicle, office, and school/daycare center), outdoors, foodstuffs, drinking water, human-related specimen breast milk urine) with a view to unraveling age-specific exposure OPEs. Multiple pathways including inhalation, dermal absorption, dust ingestion, dietary ingestion were considered prioritize relative importance. The results showed that was main contributor, followed by regardless age. A healthy diet less contaminated food can effectively reduce OPE intake. concentrations air sequence in-vehicle office > center residence outdoors. Compared other settings, schools/daycare centers offices contributed greater intake non-adults adults, respectively. estimated daily infants toddlers children teenagers adults elderlies. Overall, posed low risks all age cohorts, but vulnerable subject highest risk, largely attributed ingestion. highlights need for more toxicity bioaccessibility studies on mixtures metabolites further refine risk assessment